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Pulmonary embolism and pulmonary infarction risk factors:
1, the age factor
Autopsy data indicate that, PE age, the occurrence of more than 50 to 65 years, prevalence rate of about 3% of the children. And more than 60 years of age up to 20% .90% fatal PE occurred in the 50 years of age. In women 20 to 39 years of age the incidence of deep vein thrombosis was 10 times higher than men the same age, so the relatively higher incidence of PE.
2, reduced activities
Because of lower extremity fractures, paralysis, severe cardiopulmonary disease, surgery, that lead to inappropriate long-term bed rest or reduced physical activity, healthy people normally, reducing the driving force of venous blood flow, leading to blood stasis, deep vein thrombosis.
3, varicose veins and thrombophlebitis
Pulmonary angiography and lung perfusion scan showed that about 51% to 71% of the lower extremity deep venous thrombosis may be associated with PE. Due to varicose veins and deep vein thrombophlebitis of patients, medical education network `Collecting a variety of reasons, once the vein sharp increase in internal pressure or a sudden increase in venous blood flow, emboli shedding occurs PE.
4, heart and lung disease
25% to 50% of PE patients with cardiopulmonary disease, particularly in patients with atrial fibrillation and heart failure most likely to occur. Fu Wai Hospital, according to autopsy found more than 900 cases of heart disease combined accounted for 11% of PE. O


ne particularly heart disease, cardiomyopathy, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with pulmonary heart disease, in.
5, trauma
15% of trauma patients with PE, including the tibia, pelvis, spine fractures often prone to PE (as in the bone marrow fat droplets emboli); also a large area of soft tissue damage and burns can also be complicated by PE, may be due to the release of some of the injured tissue material damage of the pulmonary vascular endothelial cells caused by or resulting from hypercoagulable state.
6, tumor
Many tumors such as pancreatic cancer, lung cancer, colon cancer, gastric cancer, osteosarcoma, etc. can be combined PE. The increasing incidence of cancer in patients with PE may be due to the tumor cells themselves can act as emboli, clotting mechanism of cancer patients also often abnormal.
7, pregnancy and birth control pills
Pregnant women without thromboembolic disease than pregnant women age 7 times higher. Women taking the contraceptive pill the incidence of venous thrombosis were higher than non-medication 4 to 7 times. `Collecting Medical Education Network reported that intravenous infusion of the past can also be induced by estrogen PE [2].
8, other reasons
Obesity, certain blood diseases (such as polycythemia, sickle cell disease), diabetes, lung cysts of echinococcosis and so on.
Over
Pulmonary embolism and pulmonary infarction (Respiratory Medicine), long bed, long-term oral contraceptive use; thrombophlebitis, heart disease (especially rheumatic heart disease with atrial fibrillation and heart failure, bacterial endocarditis), with varicose veins; severe trauma , long bone fractures; surgery, pregnancy or childbirth, intravenous catheter; obesity, cancer and other disease risk factors and infrastructure.
Symptoms:
1, sudden difficulty breathing, severe chest pain, hemoptysis, or syncope and other symptoms. 2, faster breathing and heart rate, pulmonary rales, pulmonary valve, the second heart sound hyperthyroidism. Chest X-ray showing patchy or wedge-shaped shadow of the lungs, discoid atelectasis side of the diaphragm elevation, reduction of pulmonary artery thickening and limitations of markings. 3, ECG and cardiac expression vector with right ventricular involvement: severe clockwise transposition, pulmonary p wave, right axis deviation and other changes. 4, the blood gas PaO2 <10,64 kpa, alveolar oxygen partial pressure and arterial oxygen difference increased; dead space / VT ratio value (VD / VT)> 40%; blood lactate dehydroge 450U, aspartate aminotransferase ( AST) and creatine phosphokinase (CPK) increased in normal hemoglobin. 5, lung ventilation / perfusion (V / Q) scan showed Vn / Qo (n normal, q no perfusion). 6, pulmonary angiography, the X-ray signs of lung or pulmonary vascular defects are drying phenomenon. The diagnosis of pulmonary embolism is the most accurate and reliable measures.
Diagnosis based on:
Cause similar except for shortness of breath, chest pain, hemoptysis symptoms of diseases such as acute myocardial infarction, aortic dissection, pneumonia, pneumothorax, esophageal rupture, mediastinal emphysema and so on.1, the general treatment: absolute bed rest, oxygen, antispasmodic, analgesic, can be used aminophylline, atropine, do not, papaverine to relieve bronchial and vascular spasm and pain; such as heart failure or shock may occur as appropriate Mao spent using C glycosides, dopamine, isoproterenol and other low molecular weight dextran.
2, anticoagulant therapy: (1) heparin therapy: (2) Ji vitamin k antagonist: a new anticoagulant, such as tablets; or dicoumarol. (3) thrombolytic therapy: thrombolysis unless contraindicated, should be applied for within hours of the onset of thrombolytic therapy. Such as streptokinase, urokinase, recombinant tissue plasminogen.
3, surgical treatment: (1) pulmonary embolectomy: (2), vena cava technique: (3) suction catheter vein thrombosis patients
Prevention of common sense:


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