Health Worlds

Chapter II of water and electrolyte metabolism disorder
ReSummary
First, the normal water and electrolyte metabolism
(A) the capacity and distribution of body fluids
1. Fluid weight of 60% of total capacity
2. Intracellular fluid accounts for 40% of body weight
3. Extracellular fluid accounted for 20% of body weight1. The physiological function of water
involved in hydrolysis, hydration, dehydrogenation reaction easy flow, is conducive to transport of nutrients, metabolites1. The physiological function of electrolyte
maintain nerve, muscle, cardiac muscle cell resting potential2. Electrolyte balance
sodium balance: Multi-camera multi-slice, a small row of small perturbation
potassium balance: Multi-camera multi-slice, a small row of small perturbation is not taken is also ranked
magnesium balance: magnesium intake is low, can show significant protection of renal function of magnesium
(D) water and electrolyte balance regulation
1. The role of thirst
Angiotensin increased plasma osmotic pressure increased in the crystal, reducing the effective circulating blood volume and stimulate the thirst center.
2. The role of antidiuretic hormone
Increased osmotic pressure of plasma crystals and the effective circulating blood volume reduction, stimulation of the supraoptic nucleus, paraventricular nucleus in the secretion of ADH, increased renal distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct water permeability.
3. Regulatio


n of aldosterone
Hypovolemia, arterial blood pressure decreases, the renin - angiotensin - aldosterone system stimulant, and aldosterone to promote renal distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct active reabsorption of Na, Cl-and water reabsorption also increased, while increasing K, H of the discharge.
4. "Third factor" (natriuretic hormone) regulation of
Inhibition of Na-K-ATP enzyme systems, inhibition of tubular reabsorption of sodium, the urinary sodium excretion increased.
5. Atrial natriuretic factor (ANP) in the regulation of
Acute blood volume increases, higher right atrial pressure, leaving the release of atrial stretch ANP, produced:
powerful natriuretic, diuretic effect
antagonized the renin - aldosterone system
reduce blood loss, fluid loss increased levels in plasma ADH level
6. Parathyroid hormone (PTH) regulation of
Reduce the concentration of plasma calcium, PTH secretion and promote renal distal tubule calcium and magnesium reabsorption, inhibition of P proximal tubule Na, K, HCO3-reabsorption
7. Calcitonin (CT) of the regulation
Hypercalcemia, hyperphosphatemia stimulate CT secretion, inhibition of renal calcium and phosphorus reabsorption
Second, water and sodium metabolism1. Hypertonic dehydration
Loss of sodium than water loss, serum sodium concentra 150mmol / L, serum osmola 310mOsm / L
the causes and mechanisms
Inadequate drinking water, excessive water loss
effect on the body
Gulp; ADH secretion increased; early aldosterone secretion does not increase, late increase; brain cell dehydration; thermal dehydration in children
Control principle
Given 5% glucose solution, adding a certain amount of sodium solution
2. Hypotonic dehydration
Loss of sodium than water loss, serum sodium concentration <150mmol / L, serum osmolality <280mOsm / L
the causes and mechanisms
Loss of a large number of body fluids, or sweat, only to add water; large area burns; renal loss of sodium
the influence of antibody
Decreased extracellular fluid, there tend to shock; aldosterone secretion; ADH secretion does not increase the early and late increases3. Isotonic dehydration
Its water and sodium concentration in the normal ratio of plasma loss, serum sodium concentration was maintained at 130 ~ 145mmol / L, osmolality 280 ~ 310mOsm / L
reasons
Paralytic ileus; large pleural effusion drainage, vomiting, diarrhea; large area burnTo excessive secretion of ADH or renal dysfunction in patients with drainage water input too much, causing the body of water retention, including hyponatremia, including the emergence - symptoms and signs drainage of renal insufficiencyCells, the extracellular fluid increased, decreased osmotic pressure, acute water intoxication induced brain cell edema, increased intracranial pressure and low salt syndrome.
3. Control principleThird, the potassium metabolism
(A) hypokalemia
Plasma potassium concentrations of less than 3.5mmol / L excess of potassium into cells
2. Effects on the body
muscle tissue: decreased muscle excitability, rhabdomyolysis
heart: increased cardiac excitability, conductivity decreased, increased self-discipline
kidney:
Dysfunction, urinary concentrationReduced gastrointestinal motility3. Control principle
treatment of the primary complicationsPlasma potassium concentrations higher than 5.5mmol / L intracellular to extracellular shift of potassiumAcute hyperkalemia: increased excitability, decreased to disappear afterIncreased cardiac excitability, and then decreased to disappear, reduced myocardial conductivity, lower self-discipline control of the original complicationsFourth, magnesium metabolism disorder
(A) Hypomagnesemia
Serum magnesium content is lower than 0.75mmol / L2. Effects on the body
increased neuromuscular excitability
cardiac arrhythmia increased excitability, increased self-disciplineTreatment of primary complications, magnesium supplementation
(B) hypermagnesemia
Serum magnesium concentrations higher than 1.25mmol / L
1. The causes and mechanisms
acute and chronic renal failure with anuria or oliguria Excessive intake of magnesium
2. Effects on the body promote excretion of magnesium1. Water and salt leaching from the arterial end of capillaries, the main reasons are:
A. large B. artery end artery end capillary permeability greater than the plasma colloid osmotic pressure
C. greater than the blood plasma colloid osmotic pressure osmotic pressure is greater than D. tissue adhesive plasma colloid osmotic pressure
E. negative interstitial fluid
2. Normal minimum daily urine output is:
A.100ml B.300ml C.400ml D.500ml E.1000ml
3. Normal extracellular fluid is the major anion:
A.H2PO4-B. HSO 4 - C.Cl-and HSO4-
D.Cl-and H2PO4-E.Cl-and HPO42-
4. Normal adults about the total weight of body fluids:
A.50% B.40% C.70% D.60% E.80%
5. Normal adult body weight of plasma about:
A.5% B.6% C.7% D.8% E.9%
6. The balance of intracellular osmotic pressure which depends mainly on the movement of a substance to maintain:
Na + K + A. B. C. D. glucose E. Protein Water
7. The most abundant anion in plasma is:
A. B. phosphate carbonate ion sulfate ion C.
Chloride protein D. E.
8. Most of the cations in plasma is:
Na + K + A. B. C. D. Calcium magnesium iron E.
9. The environment is:
A. extracellular fluid cells B. C. D. fluids through E. plasma cell sap
10. Normally about normal adult daily access to water:
A.300ml B.2500ml C.2000ml D.1500ml E.1000ml
11. Hypernatremia primary lesion is common in:
Hypothalamic pituitary B. A. C. D. juxtaglomerular renal cell E. Thyroid
12. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is a Site of Action:
A. proximal tubule and distal tubule and descending loop B. medullary distal convoluted tubule
C. medullary loop of the ascending branch and the distal tubule D. proximal convoluted tubules and collecting duct
E. distal convoluted tubules and collecting duct
13. Hypertonic dehydration plasma osmotic pressure is:
A. 290mOsm / L
D.> 310mOsm / L E.> 330mOsm / L
14. Caused by the normal extracellular fluid volume because of hyponatremia:
A. Renin B. sodium intake C. ADH D. AMP E. ADH
15. Intrarenal "free water" found in the formation of reduction:
Hypocalcemia A. B. C. hypovolemic hyponatremia
D. E. hypomagnesemia hypokalemia
16. Atrial natriuretic peptide mainly in:
A. atrial myocyte nuclei of atrial myocytes B.
C. mitochondria D. atrial ventricular myocyte
Ventricular nucleus E.
17. Large area burn patients can occur:
A. reduction of extracellular fluid associated with hyponatremia, B. accompanied by the increase in extracellular fluid of hyponatremia
C. reduction of extracellular fluid associated with hypernatremia D. extracellular fluid associated with the increase in hypernatremia
E. no change in extracellular fluid volume of hyponatremia
18. In the rescue of cardiopulmonary arrest patients, enter the high concentration of too much sodium bicarbonate, may occur:
A. increased extracellular fluid volume, serum sodium increased B. decreased extracellular fluid volume, increased serum sodium
C. normal extracellular fluid volume, serum sodium increased extracellular fluid volume D. normal, decreased serum sodium
E. decreased extracellular fluid volume, decreased serum sodium
19. The following types of water and electrolyte imbalance which the most vulnerable to shock:
A. B. hypotonic dehydration hypertonic dehydration isotonic dehydration C.
Water intoxication hypokalemia D. E.
20. Systemic edema in patients with pathological changes can occur as follows:
A. reduction of extracellular fluid associated with hyponatremia, normal extracellular fluid B. Hyponatremia
C. associated with an increase in extracellular fluid D. hyponatremia associated with the increase in extracellular fluid of hypernatremia
E. sodium concentration over the normal extracellular fluid
21. Insipidus patients prone:
B. A. hypertonic dehydration hypotonic dehydration isotonic dehydration C.
Water intoxication with hyponatremia D. E.
22. Sheng Xia Xingjun drink lots of water can occur only when:
A. B. isotonic dehydration hypotonic dehydration hypertonic dehydration C.
D. E. edema, water intoxication
23. Which of the following does not cause significant hypertonic dehydration:
A. C. thirst and vomiting sweating disorder B.
D. diarrhea, excessive pulmonary ventilation E.
24. Intestinal obstruction in patients with severe, due to the water after vomiting, electrolyte imbalance of type:
A. B. isotonic dehydration hypertonic dehydration
D. C. hypotonic dehydration sodium concentration over the normal extracellular fluid
E. sodium concentration to reduce excess extracellular fluid
25. Isotonic dehydration if untreated can be transformed into:
A. B. hypotonic dehydration hypertonic dehydration hyponatremia C.
Hypokalemia, water intoxication D. E.
26. A lot of fluid loss of only the infusion of glucose solution after the lead:
B. A. hypertonic dehydration hypotonic dehydration isotonic dehydration C.
D. E. chronic water intoxication serum potassium concentration
27. Hypertonic dehydration which patients often show:
A. dehydration heat, thirst, oliguria, cerebral cell dehydration
B. signs of dehydration, shock, cell swelling
C. Thermal dehydration, dehydrated body disease, shock
D. thirsty, brain cells, dehydration, body symptoms, shock
E. thirst, oliguria, shock
28. Hypotonic dehydration, fluid loss is the most obvious:
A. plasma B. C. intracellular fluid interstitial fluid
D. intracellular fluid and extracellular fluid through the cell sap of E.
29. Hypotonic fluid loss in patients with features of dehydration are:
A. no loss of intracellular fluid, extracellular fluid loss only
B. No loss of intracellular fluid, only the loss of plasma
C. No loss of intracellular fluid, interstitial fluid is lost only
D. intracellular fluid and extracellular fluid without significant loss
E. cells are lost extracellular fluid
30. Hypernatremia in patients with primary clinical manifestations:
A. the normal sense of thirst, decreased extracellular fluid volume decreased thirst B., extracellular fluid volume normal
C. decreased thirst, increased extracellular fluid volume normal thirst D., extracellular fluid volume reduction
E. thirsty increased thirst, increased extracellular fluid volume
31. Which of the following conditions of the early neurological symptoms:
B. A. hypertonic dehydration hypotonic dehydration isotonic dehydration C.
D. E. Acute water intoxication chronic water intoxication
32. What kind of water and electrolyte metabolism disorder can lead to brain hemorrhage:
A. B. isotonic dehydration hypertonic dehydration hypotonic dehydration C.
Hyponatremia D. E. hypokalemia
33. Patients with severe hypertonic dehydration can occur:
A. decreased blood volume, increased aldosterone secretion that may cause decreased urinary sodium
B. decreased blood volume, decreased secretion of aldosterone that may cause decreased urinary sodium
C. normal blood volume, increased aldosterone secretion that may cause decreased urinary sodium
D. normal blood volume, decreased secretion of aldosterone that may cause decreased urinary sodium
E. normal blood volume, increased aldosterone secretion that may cause increased urinary sodium
34. Isotonic dehydration, the fluid change is characterized by:
Both intracellular and extracellular fluid A. , extracellular
B. intracellular fluid , extracellular
C. intracellular fluid , little change in extracellular fluid
D. intracellular fluid , extracellular
E. little change in intracellular fluid, extracellular fluid
35. Severe hyponatremia treatment principles are:D. first with high-performance diuretics, hypertonic saline for later
E. After the first use of diuretics with hypertonic saline
36. Hypertonic dehydration in patients with principles is added:
A.5% glucose
B.0.9% sodium chloride solution
C. 3% sodium chloride solution before and after 5% glucose solution
D. 5% glucose solution before and after 0.9% NaCl
E. 50% glucose solution before and after 0.9% NaCl
37. Clinic on the reduction of extracellular fluid associated with hyponatremia should generally be applied first:
Hypotonic sodium chloride hypertonic saline A. B. C. isotonic sodium chloride
D.10% E.50% glucose liquid glucose solution
38. In the capillaries of the interstitial fluid venous reflux to the blood vessels are the main factors:
A. the role of local muscle contractions squeeze the plasma gel osmotic pressure B.> tissue colloid osmotic pressure
C. tissue fluid hydrostatic pres capillary blood pressure, plasma gel osmotic pressure D.> capillary blood pressure
E. tissue fluid hydrostatic pres tissue adhesive seepage pressure
39. Normal body sodium and water homeostasis regulation plays an important role in the organ is:
A. skin B. kidney C. E. gastrointestinal tract, heart lung D.
40. Severe hypotonic dehydration in patients with large amounts of water can cause the input:
A. hypertonic dehydration isotonic dehydration B. C. edema
D. E. hypokalemia, water intoxication
41. Acute water intoxication can occur when:
A. extracellular fluid volume , serum sodium
B. intracellular fluid volume , serum sodium
C. both intracellular and extracellular fluid volume , serum sodium
D. cell, extracellular fluid volume were , serum sodium
E. cell, extracellular fluid volume were , serum sodium change
42. Hypotonic dehydration can occur when:
B. A. hypertonic extracellular fluid extracellular fluid toward the cell
C. towards the intracellular fluid within the extracellular D. cells, showed extracellular hyperosmolar state
E. intracellular fluid extracellular fluid volume of less than
43. Hyperkalemia on the myocardium is:
A. excitability , conductivity , self-discipline , contractilityE.
44. Hyperkalemia when the ECG is characterized by:
A.T sharp wave height, QT interval shortening B.T low flat wave, QT interval shortening
C.T low flat wave, QT interval prolongation D.T sharp wave height, QT interval prolongation
E.T wave flat, U wave appears
45. Enter the large stocks of blood for too long easily lead to:
A. B. hypernatremia hypokalemia hyponatremia C.
D. E. Hypomagnesemia hyperkalemia
46. A serious cause of death in patients with hyperkalemia are:
A. respiratory failure, cardiac arrest B. C. renal failure
Acidosis alkalosis D. E.
47. Hemolysis in patients with severe pathological changes can occur are:
Hypokalemia hyperkalemia B. A. C. hypermagnesemia
D. Hypomagnesemia E. Hypernatremia
48. Crush syndrome patients prone to life-threatening pathological changes:
A. Acute respiratory failure and renal failure B. C. Shock
Heart D. E. hyperkalemia
49. Acute hyperkalemia induced by acid-base balance disorders are:
A. respiratory acidosis metabolic acidosis B.
C. Metabolic alkalosis D. Respiratory alkalosis
E. respiratory acidosis with metabolic alkalosis
50. Cause hyperkalemia most important reason is:
A. acute acidosis induced release of intracellular potassium to extracellular fluid
B. intravascular hemolysis to the release of potassium from cells into plasma
C. Effects of hypoxia on the release of intracellular potassium to extracellular fluid
Reduce renal potassium row D.
E. large number of applications of diuretics potassium
51. Which of the following pathological changes not caused by hyperkalemia:
A. weak B. arrhythmia muscle relaxation
CT sharp wave height, QT interval shortened D. slow outflow of potassium, 3 prolonged repolarization
Cardiac conduction block E.
52. Hyperkalemia treatment principles, Which is wrong:
A. to the glucose and insulin, the potassium into cells
B. Control of viremia caused by hyperkalemia causes
C. to prevent and treat the primary disease
D. sodium bicarbonate, into the cells to promote K
E. reduce blood PH value
53. A large number of serum potassium caused by insulin treatment of diabetes, the mechanism of change is:
A. large number of sweat loss of potassium caused by excessive secretion of aldosterone B.
C. an increase in tubular reabsorption of potassium and other acidic products of ketone bodies increase D.
E. shift within the extracellular potassium
54. Hypokalemia during acute cardiac electrophysiological changes characterized by:
A. resting potential and threshold potential difference between the , excitability
B. resting potential and threshold potential difference , excitability
C. resting potential and threshold potential difference , excitability
D. resting potential and threshold potential difference between the , excitability
E. resting potential and threshold potential difference the same, excitability
55. Acute effects of hypokalemia on the heart is:
A. excitability , conductivity , self-discipline , contractility
B. excitability , conductivity , self-discipline , contractility
C. excitability , conductivity , self-discipline , contractility
D. excitability , conductivity , self-discipline , contractility
E. excitability , conductivity , self-discipline , contractility
56. Adult potassium loss is the most important way:
A. The stomach and small intestine by the loss of K B. K C. The loss of colonic potassium loss
D. potassium loss through renal loss of potassium through the skin E.
57. Pediatric important reason for loss of potassium are:
A. B. excessive diuretic medicinal severe diarrhea and vomiting
D. C. glucocorticoid excess in some kidney disease
E. potassium loss through the skin
58. Hypokalemia on the acid-base balance is:
A. intracellular alkalosis, extracellular acidosis
B. intracellular alkalosis, the normal extracellular
C. alkalosis both inside and outside cells
D. acidosis both inside and outside cells
E. intracellular acidosis, extracellular alkalosis
59. Hypokalemic periodic paralysis can occur when:
A. extracellular K B. Transfer to the cells to extracellular intracellular shift of potassium
C. cell, extracellular potassium remained unchanged D. extracellular calcium transfer to the cells
E. extracellular to intracellular shift of magnesium
60. Hypokalemia, ECG changes when the features are:
A.T low flat wave, U wave occurs, QRS widening wave
B.T low flat wave, U wave free, QRS widening wave
C.T low flat wave, U wave occurs, QRS wave narrows
D.T sharp wave height, U wave occurs, QRS widening wave
E.T sharp wave height, U wave occurs, QRS wave narrows
61. "Soft" disease which causes and following ingestion of a substance related to:
A. B. crude oil crude raw bran crude raw vegetable raw cottonseed oil C.
D. E. heavy metal salts of organic phosphorus pesticide
62. Barium poisoning is caused by the mechanism of hypokalemia:
A. small intestine reducing the absorption of potassium loss vomiting K B.
C. D. colonic secretion of potassium increased outflow of potassium from the cells was blocked channels
Increase in renal potassium row E.
63. Serum potassium levels were significantly lower (eg less than 3mmol / L) when the resting potential negative but decreases
The reason is:
A. decreased myocardial cell membrane potassium conductance, reduced intracellular potassium outflow
B. decreased cardiac cell membrane potassium conductance, an increase of intracellular potassium outflow
C. increased myocardial membrane potassium conductance, reduced intracellular potassium outflow
D. increased myocardial membrane potassium conductance, an increase of intracellular potassium outflow
E. cell K + concentration difference inside and outside the higher increase in intracellular potassium outflow
64. Hypokalemia is the main cause of death in patients with:
A. B. Myocardial respiratory muscle paralysis paralytic ileus paralytic C.
D. E. alkalosis central nervous system depression
65. A patient for digestive tract surgery, fasting three days, only a large number of 5% glucose infusion, the disease
People prone to:
A. Hyponatremia B. C. hypomagnesemia hypocalcemia hypophosphatemia D. E. hypokalemia
66. Potassium effects on the kidneys when:
Urine concentration function of glomerular filtration rate renal blood flowD. Unchanged Unchanged
E. Unchanged Unchanged
67. Acute hypokalemia on the nerve muscle electrophysiology is:
Threshold potential resting potential resting potential and threshold potential differenceC. unchanged 68. Excessive insulin mechanism of hypokalemia:
Loss of K B. A. sweating excessive secretion of aldosterone
Tubular reabsorption of K C. D. colonic secretion of potassium increased barriers
E. extracellular to intracellular shift of potassium
69. Hypokalemia can occur in patients:
B. A. abnormalities acidic urine abnormalities of urinary neutral alkaline urine C.
D. E. normal sexual normality acidic urine alkaline urine
70. Normal serum potassium concentration:
A.1.5mmol / L B.2.5mmol / L C.3.0mmol / L
D.4.5mmol / L E.6.0mmol / L
71. Which of the following can cause hypokalemia:
A. PH value of the increased extracellular potassium into cells
B. Department of insulin secretion decreased potassium into skeletal muscle cells
C. reduce the secretion of aldosterone, potassium excretion increased
D. aldehyde fixation secretion, decreased potassium excretion
E. PH increased extracellular fluid, potassium excretion decreased
72. Hypokalemia, extracellular hydrogen ion concentration tends to:
A. increase B. decrease C. remain unchanged
E. D. first and then decreased first and then decreased
73. Hypokalemia can occur in patients:
A. B. normal alkaline urine abnormalities of acidic urine
C. normal D. abnormalities of alkaline urine acidic urine
E. urinary neutral
74. Produce hypermagnesemia most important reason is:
A. down B. Renal row magnesium severe diabetes, severe crush injury C.
E. D. Severe acidosis excessive intake of magnesium
75. Acute hypermagnesemia the emergency measures are:
A. B. intravenous infusion of glucose, calcium gluconate
C. Application of diuretics to accelerate the excretion of magnesium saline infusion D.
E. intravenous infusion of sodium lactate
76. The content of intracellular fluid accounts for the second cation are:
A. Na + K + B. C. D. Calcium E. zinc magnesium
77. Hypercalcemia in patients with hypomagnesemia mechanisms are:
A. reduce the impact of appetite and magnesium intake of magnesium to the cells transferred B.
C. D. Magnesium Magnesium malabsorption with the urine increased
E. magnesium increased from feces
78. Hypokalemia, cardiac electrical activity showed repolarization phase 2 (plateau phase) shortening, cardiac muscle also will shorten the effective refractory period, and its pathogenesis is:
A. extracellular potassium concentration, flow control on the role of calcium decreased
B. extracellular potassium concentration, inhibition of increased calcium influx
C. decreased extracellular potassium concentration of magnesium ions increase the flow inhibition
D. extracellular potassium concentration, inhibition of magnesium ions flow down
E. extracellular potassium concentration, increased Inhibition of ATP
79. Hypomagnesemia when the nerve - muscle excitability increase in the production mechanism is:
A. B. threshold membrane potential bit higher potential rise
D. CR-increased release of amino acids increased release of acetylcholine
E. ATP formation increased
80. Normal adult daily water intake and discharge capacity:
A.2000 ~ 2500ml B.1500 ~ 2000ml C.2500 ~ 3000ml
D.1000 ~ 1500ml E.3000ml more
81. The following items can cause hypercalcemia that:
A. B. Primary hyperparathyroidism secondary hyperparathyroidism
D. C. Hyperthyroidism Hypothyroidism
E. Vit D intoxication
82. Normal adult serum sodium concentration is about:
A.100mmol / L B.120mmol / L C.140mmol / L
D.160mmol / L E.180mmol / L
83. Desert march, the main water cut off the emergence of various mechanisms are:
A. serious shortage of body sodium, causing hyponatremia
B. shock caused by circulatory disturbance caused by cerebral anoxia
C. hypotonic extracellular fluid, causing swelling of brain cells
D. hypertonic extracellular fluid, causing brain cell dehydration
E. isotonic extracellular fluid loss, no change in intracellular fluid
84. Hypotonic dehydration pathological manifestations are:
A. B. decreased urine output, blood volume reduction
C. intracellular fluid to extracellular fluid volume transferred D. general reduction in cell
E. volume increases
85. Hypernatremia caused by primary mechanisms are:
A. B. hypothalamic osmoreceptors damage threshold increased
D. C. cortex dysfunction in the cerebral edema
E. osmoreceptors threshold decreased
86. Hypotonic dehydration, plasma osmolality should be below:
A.320mOsm / L B.310mOsm / L C.300mOsm / L
D.290mOsm / L E.280mOsm / L
87. Isotonic dehydration occurs when the pathological changes of the body can be:
A. cells no significant change in fluid volume of urine sodium content decreased B.
C. there D. thirst significant increase in intracellular fluid volume
E. decreased urine output
88. Hyperkalemia treatment measures are:
A. injection of calcium and sodium through the blood off B.
C. intravenous injection of glucose and insulin at a large number of hormones D.
E. alkalization of blood
89. Hypokalemia patient may show:
C. A. polyuria B. bloating negative nitrogen balance of low blood sugar D. E. oliguria
90. Severe diarrhea caused by water and electrolyte imbalance can be:
Hyperkalemia hypokalemia B. A. C. water intoxication
D. E. metabolic acidosis metabolic alkalosis
91. Caused by extracellular K Erzhi to the lack of intracellular potassium transfer factors are:
A. C. alkalosis acidosis in barium poisoning B.
D. E. insulin secretion excessive insulin secretionD. C. renal failure associated with severe dehydration oliguriaA. K +-based cation, anion chloride and carbonate-based
B. sodium-based cation, anion and protein-based phosphate ion
C. sodium-based cation, anion chloride and carbonate-based
D. cation potassium ions, whereas the anion to phosphate ions and protein-based
E. cation was calcium, whereas the anion to phosphate ion, sulfate ion-based
93. Found in the extracellular fluid:
94. Found in intracellular fluid:
95. Found in cells in interstitial fluid:
B. A. hypertonic dehydration hypotonic dehydration isotonic dehydration C.
D. Cushing syndrome of acute water intoxication E.
96. Accompanied by reduction of extracellular fluid found hyponatremia:
97. Accompanied by an increase in extracellular fluid found hyponatremia:
98. Accompanied by reduction of extracellular fluid hypernatremia seen in:
99. Accompanied by the increase in extracellular fluid hypernatremia seen in:
A. decreased urine output, urine output and urinary sodium reduction in the high B. low urinary sodium
C. increased urine volume increases urinary sodium and high urinary sodium D. normal
E. urine output and urinary sodium reduction does not reduce
100. Hypertonic dehydration in early:
101. Hypertonic dehydration late:
102. Extrarenal hypotonic dehydration causes early:
103. Renal causes of hypotonic dehydration late:
A. adrenal zona B. supraoptic nucleus neurons104. Secretion of ADH in the cell is:
105. Secretion of ANP is the major cell:
106. Secretion of aldosterone in principal cells is:
107. Renal causes of hypotonic dehydration late:
A. B. hypotonic dehydration hypertonic dehydration in early Late
D. C. hypertonic dehydration hypertonic dehydration in early Late
E. isotonic dehydration
108. Aldosterone secretion is not increased:
109. Aldosterone secretion increased in:
A. Diffusion B. reabsorption of exudative C. D. E. Swallow For filtration
110. Water and inorganic salts as the main form of exchange:
111. Plasma proteins in the plasma and the exchange of fluid between cells main ways:
A. Primary aldosteronism B. Hypothyroidism
C. reduced tubular reabsorption of magnesium deficiency D. ADH production and release of114. Hypermagnesemia time:A. B. water loss than loss of sodium intake of too much body water volume of normal sodium
D. C. loss of sodium than water loss of sodium and water loss ratio
E. sodium and water to increase the proportion of
117. Hypertonic dehydration can occur when:
118. Hypotonic dehydration are:
119. Isotonic dehydration are:
120. Acute water intoxication can occur when:
121. Hypokalemia include:
A. glycogen synthesis barriers, lack of glucose tolerance can lead to high blood sugar
B. glycogen synthesis obstacles to increased glucose tolerance, can lead to high blood sugar
C. glycogen synthesis barriers, lack of glucose tolerance can lead to low blood sugar
D. decreased insulin release, can produce high blood sugar
E. Direct stimulation of insulin release, resulting in high blood sugar
122. Hypokalemia on glucose metabolism are:
123. Hyperkalemia on glucose metabolism are:
A. B. hypokalemia hyponatremia hypernatremia C.
D. E. isotonic dehydration hyperkalemia
124. High-dose insulin treatment of diabetes can occur when:
125. Hypothalamic lesions damage can occur when the thirst center:
126. Acute renal failure can occur:
127. Acute water intoxication can occur when:
128. Hypokalemia can occur when:
Hypokalemia hyperkalemia B. A. C. hypermagnesemia
D. Hypomagnesemia E. Hypernatremia131. Barium poisoning can occur when:
132. Acute water intoxication can occur when:
A. myocardial intracellular calcium concentration, increased myocardial contractility
B. myocardial intracellular calcium concentration, decreased myocardial contractility
C. myocardial intracellular calcium concentration, increased myocardial contractility
D. myocardial intracellular calcium concentration, decreased myocardial contractility
E. Cardiac intracellular calcium levels were normal, no change in myocardial contractility
133. Mild hypokalemia can occur early or hypokalemia:
134. Potassium potassium may occur:
135. Barium poisoning can occur when:
136. Acute water intoxication can occur when:
A. negative resting potential in skeletal muscle increases B. decreases negative resting potential of skeletal muscle
Reduce the threshold potential negative C. D. Skeletal muscle increased threshold potential negative
E. muscle resting potential and threshold potential were reduced negative140. Acute water intoxication:
141. Hypokalemia:
A. B. prone prone to hyponatremia, hyperkalemia
D. C. hypokalemia prone prone hypermagnesemia
E. prone to hypomagnesemia
142. Severe crush injury syndrome can occur when:
143. Crude cottonseed oil poisoning can occur when:
144. Hypocalcemia may occur:
145. Acute water intoxication can occur when:
Best the best oral potassium B. A. Rapid intravenous potassium
D. C. Epinephrine move intracellular extracellular potassium
E. injection of calcium and sodium
146. Hypokalemia treatment measures taken are:
147. Hyperkalemia treatment measures taken are:
A. atrioventricular block, bradycardia
B. atrioventricular block, tachycardia
C. increased cardiac excitability, high incidence of arrhythmia
D. decrease the excitability of cardiac, arrhythmia-prone
E. no change in cardiac excitability
148. Hypermagnesemia is when the impact of the heart:
149. Hypomagnesemia impact on the heart when:151. Essential hypernatremia156. Hypokalemia[Q & A Question]
159. Hypotonic dehydration and pathophysiology of hypertonic dehydration did not change any different?
160. A serious obstruction patients, and vomiting 3 days and can not eat water, this would happen which water and electrolyte metabolism and acid-base balance.
161. Severe hyperkalemia causes cardiac arrest What is the reason? Why injection of calcium and sodium are
Effect.
162. Severely low potassium blood may suffer from the type of acid-base balance disorders? Why?
163. Comparison hypomagnesemia and hypermagnesemia effects on the heart What is the difference? Why?164. Hypertonic dehydration loss of sodium during dehydration ___, ___ extracellular osmotic pressure, the patient showed
___.
165. Severe hyponatremia rescue, first with ______, so that the volume of extracellular fluid __,
Then _________
166. Electrolyte physiological function is ____________, ____
____ __________
167. Hyperkalemia treatment with sodium input, the aim is __ cardiac depolarization flow acceleration,
____ Of the myocardium to improve.
168. Hyperkalemia, the extracellular potassium ion concentration, inhibition of myocardial repolarization, 2 ___ inner flow, so ____ reduced myocardial cells, excitation - contraction coupling weakened.
169. Hypokalemia _______ impact on kidney disorder, and therefore the patient urine output and urine specific gravity ___ ___.
170. Severe hypermagnesemia may decrease myocardial excitability, and thus lead to _____ and ____
___.
171. Acute and chronic alcoholism is the mechanism hypomagnesemia ethanol can inhibit _______


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