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Immunodeficiency diseases are a group of immune system diseases caused by imperfect, therefore, more susceptible to infection, recurrence is more frequent and more severe, lasts longer.Whether newborn, child or adult recurrent severe infection, no response to antibiotic therapy should be considered when the immune system problems. Some immune system problems can also lead to a rare cancer or viral, fungal and bacterial infections.Immune deficiency may be congenital, it can be acquired in nature. Existed at birth the immune disease is usually hereditary. Although rare, it has aly found 70 kinds of hereditary immunodeficiency disease. Certain diseases, reduce the number of white blood cells; other diseases, the number of normal but dysfunction. There are a number of diseases, leukocytes were not affected, but other components of the immune system, abnormal or missing.Acquired immune deficiency occurs (Acquired Immune Deficiency) is usually caused by the disease. More common than congenital immunodeficiency. Some diseases caused only minor damage to the immune system, while others may damage the body against infection. As we all know, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection after suffering from acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) (see Secti87). Resistance against the virus and destroy viruses and fungal infections are usually the white blood cells. Many different situations can impair the immune system. In fact, almost every serious disease have varying degrees o


f long-term effects on the immune system.Spleen lesions were often some degree of immune deficiency. Not only can capture and destruction of the spleen into the blood of bacteria and other infectious microbes, but also one of the sites the body to produce antibodies. Splenectomy and spleen damage or disease (such as sickle cell disease) can be affected by the immune system. No spleen patients, especially infants, are particularly sensitive to certain bacterial infections, such as Haemophilus influenzae, E. coli and streptococcus. In addition to the normal spleen without immunization of children should be given pneumococcal outside and meningococcal vaccination. No children should be continuously taking antibiotics spleen until at least 5 years of age. Spleen have defects of human infection, the symptoms of a fever, they should take antibiotics.Malnutrition can also seriously damage the immune system. Malnutrition, lack of or all the basic nutrients of protein and certain vitamins and minerals (especially vitamin A, iron and zinc) deficiency. Malnutrition resulting in weight loss to 80% below standard weight, the immune system is often some degree of damage. Weight dropped to 70% below standard weight, the immune system may be severely compromised. Immune system, the injured person often easy to infection, reduced appetite and increased metabolic needs of the body, leading to a vicious cycle of malnutrition.Most healthy infants 6 times a year or more suffering from mild respiratory infections, especially his frequent s with other children. Damage to the immune system of infants is often severe bacterial infection, duration of persistent, recurrent, can cause complications. Such as sore throat and flu in infants, may occur sinusitis, chronic ear infections and chronic bronchitis. Bronchitis can develop into pneumonia.Mouth, eyes and genital skin and mucous membranes susceptible to infection. Oral thrush is a fungal infection, oral ulcers and gingivitis, the early signs of immune damage. Conjunctivitis, hair loss, severe eczema, and skin telangiectasia, rupture may also be signs of immune deficiency. Gastrointestinal tract infections can cause diarrhea, extreme bloating and weight loss.Hereditary immunodeficiency difficult in the initial diagnosis. Whether children or adults, if severe or recurrent infections rare, should be suspected immunodeficiency diseases. As a result of immune deficiency disease in children is usually hereditary, family, other children are also recurrent infection is an important clue to diagnosis of the disease. People are not usually pathogenic microorganisms, such as Pneumocystis carinii or cytomegalovirus infection, then prompt the immune system problems.Juvenile or adult, the doctor should rethe medical history to determine whether there is exposure to drugs, poisons, and surgery (eg, tonsillectomy or appendectomy), or other diseases as the cause. Sexual history is important, because often the human immunodeficiency virus infection can cause immune deficiency diseases, mainly through sexual . If the mother is infected with HIV, then the newborn may also be infected. Young people because of sexual misconduct may also be infected.Types of infection for doctors to provide clues to the type of immune deficiency. Such as infection by certain bacteria, such as streptococcus cause may be B lymphocytes can not produce enough antibodies. By viruses, fungi, and rare organisms (such as Pneumocystis carinii) infections may be caused by a serious problem of T lymphocytes. Caused by Staphylococcus and E. coli infection usually indicates phagocytic cells (phagocytic killing and invasion of microbial cells) can not move properly or can not effectively kill the intruder. Neisseria infections are often the characteristics of defects in the complement system, blood proteins may help the body against infection.Age of onset is also very important. Infants under 6 months of infection often prompts T lymphocytes exception: older children are usually infected with tips and B lymphocyte antibody production defects. Immunodeficiency disease in adults is rarely hereditary, often result from AIDS or diabetes, malnutrition, renal failure and cancer.Clear the exact type of immune deficiency diseases require laboratory tests, usually a blood test. First, determine the number and classification of white blood cell count; check under the microscope whether the abnormal white blood cell morphology; check the level of immunoglobulin, red blood cell and platelet count, but also to check complement levels.If the results are abnormal, the need for further examinations. For example, if the lymphocyte count decreased, need to determine the level of T cells and B cells. Laboratory tests can determine the involvement of T or B cell type. CD4T such as AIDS in the number of lymphocytes compared with CD8T lymphocytes decreased.Another useful approach is to measure the white blood laboratory tests by the of stimulation of mitotic growth and division of the ability to determine their function is normal, but also undermine the determination of the ability of foreign cells and microorganisms.T lymphocyte function by analyzing the body's ability to respond to foreign substances in skin test measurement. In this study, micro-organisms from common infections (such as yeast) extract a small amount of protein injected into the skin. Under normal circumstances, presenting T cells through the body to react in the region and caused slight local swelling and fever. The trial only in children 2 years of age to use.Some of acquired immune disease prevention and treatment is possible. Such as strict control of blood glucose levels can improve the white blood cell resistance to infection in patients with diabetes. Successful cancer treatment can restore immune function. Safe sex can prevent the spof HIV (the virus that causes AIDS). Diet can prevent the immune deficiency caused by malnutrition.Immunodeficiency disorders should maintain adequate nutrition, good personal hygiene, and avoid eating uncooked food and with infected patients. Some people have to drink bottled water, should quit smoking and avoid passive smoking and the use of illicit drugs. Special attention to oral health, prevention of oral infection. People can produce antibodies vaccination, but the lack of B lymphocytes or T lymphocytes of people only use inactivated viruses, bacteria vaccine, which can not be vaccinated live vaccine (such as oral polio vaccine, measles, epidemic parotid Yan, rubella and BCG).Once signs of infection in these patients should be given antibiotics. Some quick deterioration of the infection requires prompt treatment, especially Wei - Austria (Wiskott-Aldrich) and asplenia syndrome patients should be given before the infection preventive antibiotics. Trimethoprim - sulfamethoxazole used to prevent pneumonia.Boost the immune system drugs, such as levamisole, isopropyl inosine and thymus hormones, and reduce the number of white blood cells can not be successfully treated or dysfunction of the patients. Antibodies in patients with low levels of input or by a monthly injection of immune protein therapy. Injection of interferon- useful for the treatment of chronic granulomatous disease.Fetal thymus cells and liver cell transplantation may also be effective, especially for patients with thymic parathyroid hypoplasia. Severe combined immunodeficiency disease with adenosine deaminase deficiency patients, enzyme replacement therapy is sometimes effective. Of the disease and genetic defects have been identified a few of the congenital immune diseases can be gene therapy.Sometimes you can correct the severe bone marrow transplantation and congenital immune deficiency. This procedure can improve the most serious diseases, such as severe combined immunodeficiency disease.Most patients with abnormal white blood cell transfusion can not, unless the donor prior to use ray irradiated blood, because blood donors by the blood leukocytes to attack the white blood cells, causing serious and even fatal disease (graft versus host disease) (see Secti53 section).Have to carry genes inherited immunodeficiency disease patients with a family history of genetic counseling should be conducted in order to avoid their children sick. Fetal gamma globulin deficiency, Granville - Albright syndrome, severe combined immune deficiency and chronic granulomatous disease and other diseases can be measured to diagnose fetal blood and amniotic fluid. Of these diseases, should check their parents and compatriots, whether they carry a clear defective gene.

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